Illicit drug markets differ hinein two key ways: monopolies and duopolies dominate and they suffer from asymmetric information problems, with buyers lacking information about the quality or content of products [41].
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The risk of overdose, people rein his camp argue, is high because drugs are a poorly regulated product sold by unscrupulous middlemen. “Imagine if you went to the Ausschank and you said, ‘I’ll have a drink,’” he explained, “and you didn’t know if it was beer, wine, or liquor.”
Supporting the more confident assertions are their descriptions of fentanyl’s effects as short-acting, with a fast and powerful onset, corresponding to the pharmaceutical’s known profile. On the more doubtful side, a majority of drug users tested in Canadian research were unaware that they had been exposed to fentanyl when using heroin and other drugs [26], although this could change as users become more experienced and informed about identification and use over time. Further complicating matters, there are non-fentanyl synthetic opioids hinein circulation, e.g. U47700, which may be mistaken for fentanyl.
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A perfectly competitive market exists only hinein theory, but would consist of many buyers and sellers, each with perfect information about the products on sale.
Michael Gilbert, an independent researcher Weltgesundheitsorganisation has studied darknet drug markets, said that not only do individual users buy drugs on the darknet, so do dealers Weltgesundheitsorganisation go on to resell the drug in their local area.
Despite no evidence of a Chose hinein demand Postalisch-2010, prices settled down to 2007 levels by late 2013, indicating that supply increased enough to satisfy demand. DEA price data, however, are gathered predominantly from larger cities, potentially missing heroin shortages and price variation further down the supply chain hinein small towns and Bäuerlich areas.
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Where studied, the data show an unusual Radio-feature of the sale of fentanyl in both North America and parts of Europe: it is generally sold as ‘heroin’, as if fentanyl itself were an insignificant adulterant or not present at all [18–21]. Sometimes the ambiguous term ‘China White’ is used, which can refer to either heroin, historically from Southeast Asia, or a synthetic replacement.
Overall, market conditions appear to point to supply shocks and heroin shortages before the introduction of fentanyl to the opioid supply, both in the United States and parts of Europe, with the United States experiencing rising demand and increasing prices.
Five or six times a day, a man from Texas injects a dose of carefully measured fentanyl. He does it when he wakes up and before he goes to work, and sometimes on breaks. It makes him drowsy, but he says people can’t usually tell he just used.